The Crucifixion by Maarten van Heemskerck comes from the convent of the Rich Clares in Ghent. Various aspects of the Passion have been brought together here in one scene. The crucified Christ hangs high above the crowd, between the good and the bad murderers. One soldier raises up a sponge soaked in vinegar to quench Jesus thirst, while another looks up in awe at the dying man. In the right foreground soldiers cast dice for Jesus clothes. On the left we see Mary swoon in the arms of the apostle John. At the foot of the cross Mary Magdalene is overcome with grief as she gazes up at the Messiah. The donor, wearing a priests surplice, kneels in the foreground on the left. His identity is not known. The beautifully executed horses in the background are not based on nature studies but on sketches Maarten van Heemskerck made of classical works when he visited Italy from 1532 to 1536.
| Artist |
Maarten van Heemskerck
RKD
|
|---|---|
| Title | Calvary |
| Date | 1543 |
| Period | 16th century |
| Signatures, inscriptions, and markings | signature and year bottom left on a stone: MHemskerck / Fecit / 1543 [“HK” aaneen] |
| Collection | paintings AAT |
| Object type | oil paintings (visual works) AAT |
| Inventory number | S-52 |
| Acquisition credit |
onbekend |
| Current whereabouts | Work on display |
| Permalink | https://mskgent.be/collection/work/data/S-52 |
| IIIF Manifest | https://imagehub.mskgent.be/iiif/3/152/manifest.json |
| Art & Architecture Thesaurus |
300055874
religious symbolism
AAT
300015636 landscapes AAT |
|---|---|
| Keywords Iconclass |
11D
Christ
Iconclass
11D3 Christ as adult Iconclass 11D3121 'Vera Icon', held up by Veronica Iconclass 11F the Virgin Mary Iconclass 11H saints Iconclass 11H(JOHN THE BAPTIST) John the Baptist; possible attributes: book, reed cross, baptismal cup, honeycomb, lamb, staff Iconclass 11HH female saints Iconclass 11HH(MARY MAGDALENE) the penitent harlot Mary Magdalene; possible attributes: book (or scroll), crown, crown of thorns, crucifix, jar of ointment, mirror, musical instrument, palm-branch, rosary, scourge Iconclass 11HH(VERONICA) Veronica; possible attributes: 'Sudarium' (veil with the image of Christ) Iconclass 11Q751 (public) prayer Iconclass 25F animals Iconclass 25F2 mammals Iconclass 25H1 landscapes in the temperate zone Iconclass 25I city-view, and landscape with man-made constructions Iconclass 25I1411 lane, alley Iconclass 26A clouds Iconclass 31A211 (human) skull Iconclass 31A2516 arm or hand held in front of the body Iconclass 31A251611 hand holding the breast Iconclass 31A252 postures and gestures of arms and hands in relation to each other Iconclass 31A2523 hands against each other Iconclass 31A25551 index finger upwards Iconclass 31A51453 ointment-jar Iconclass 31B62 morphology of facial expression Iconclass 31B6211 looking upwards Iconclass 31B6214 weeping Iconclass 31B62141 tears Iconclass 41A housing Iconclass 41A1 civic architecture; edifices; dwellings Iconclass 41A14 urban housing Iconclass 41A771 container of metal: bucket, can, canister, drum, tin, etc. Iconclass 41D221 head-gear Iconclass 41D221(CAP) head-gear: cap Iconclass 41D221(HAT) head-gear: hat Iconclass 41D221(HEADSCARF) head-gear (HEADSCARF) Iconclass 41D2211 veil Iconclass 41D2332 shoes, sandals Iconclass 41D26511 gold-thread embroidery Iconclass 41D2656 belt, girdle, waistband Iconclass 41D266 ornaments, jewels Iconclass 44G32 executioner, hangman Iconclass 44G511 murderer Iconclass 45B the soldier; the soldier's life Iconclass 45C13(SABRE) hacking and thrusting weapons (SABRE) Iconclass 45C19(SHIELD) protective weapons: shield Iconclass 45C22 armour Iconclass 45C221 helmet Iconclass 45D313 private soldier Iconclass 46C131 riding a horse, ass, or mule; rider, horseman Iconclass 46C13141 horse Iconclass 46C131611 head-stall Iconclass 46C131612 bit Iconclass 46C131613 reins Iconclass 46C131614 saddle Iconclass 47D8(KNIFE) tools, aids, implements ~ crafts and industries: knife Iconclass 49L8 inscription Iconclass 73 New Testament Iconclass 73C public life of Christ: from his baptism until the Passion Iconclass 73D Passion of Christ Iconclass 73D58 the superscription: I(esus) N(azarenus) R(ex) I(udaeorum) ~ Christ's crucifixion Iconclass 73D6 the crucifixion of Christ: Christ's death on the cross; Golgotha (Matthew 27:45-58; Mark 15:33-45; Luke 23:44-52; John 19:25-38) Iconclass 73D625 bystanders at the foot of the cross, among whom Mary, Mary Magdalene and John the Evangelist; Mary may be shown swooning Iconclass 73D643 crucified Christ with Mary, John, and Mary Magdalene Iconclass 73D6712 loin-cloth ~ particularities of crucifixion scenes Iconclass 73D6714 blood spouting from Christ's wounds Iconclass 73D82(CROWN OF THORNS) crown of thorns ~ instruments of the Passion Iconclass 73D82(DICE) single instruments of the Passion (DICE) Iconclass 73D82(HAMMER) single instruments of the Passion (HAMMER) Iconclass 73D82(LANCE) lance ~ instruments of the Passion Iconclass 73D82(NAILS) nails ~ instruments of the Passion Iconclass 73D82(PINCERS) single instruments of the Passion (PINCERS) Iconclass 73D82(SPONGE) single instruments of the Passion (SPONGE) Iconclass |
| School / Style | Renaissance AAT |
| Note des tableaux dessins et estampes déposés dans la ci-devant école de l'abbaye de Baudeloo. Ceux marqués d'un K sont conformes à la note du 10 ventôse an V, trouvés au quartier de l'abbé de Saint-Pierre / Charles Piot. - [s.l.] : [s.n.], [s.a.] (nr. 297) |
| Catalogue du musée de peinture de la ville de Gand, 1900 / Louis Maeterlinck. - Gand : Imprimerie Victor Van Doosselaere, 1900 (nr. 21) |
| Le Crucifiement, par Martin van Veen, dit Heemskerk / Louis Maeterlinck. - [s.l.] : [s.n.], [s.a.] (nr. 431) |
| Martin van Heemskerck : Ein Beitrag zur Geschichte des Romanismus in der niederländischen Malerei des XVI. Jahrhunderts / Leon Preibisz. - Leipzig : Verlag Von Klinkhardt und Biermann, 1911 (p. 27) |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Die Antwerpener Manieristen ; Adriaen Ysenbrant / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 (dl. 13, p. 159, nr. 198) |
| Drie schilderijen van Marten van Heemskerck te Gent / Domien Roggen. - [s.l.] : [s.n.], [s.a.] (p. 292) |
| Museum van Schoone Kunsten : Catalogus ; Oude Meesters, Schilderstukken, teekeningen, plaatsneden (met geschiedkundig overzicht) / Maurice Dupuis, Georges Charles Nicolas Marie Hulin de Loo, Fritz Van Loo. - Gent : Drukkerij F. De Vos, 1938 ; Gent : Stad Gent, 1938 (p. 68-69) |
| De Noord-Nederlandsche schilderkunst / Godefridus Joannes Hoogewerff. - Den Haag : Martinus Nijhoff, 1936-1947 (dl. 4, p. 152-323-324; dl. 5, p. 155, nr. 13) |
| Flemish Painters : Historical Survey (1430-1830) ; Dictionary ; Bibliographies ; Volume One - Two / Reginald Howard Wilenski. - London : Faber and Faber Limited, 1960 (dl. 1, p. 571) |
| Early Netherlandish Painting / Max Julius Friedländer, Gerard Lemmens, Henri Pauwels. - Leyden : A.W. Sijthoff, 1967-1976 ; Brussels : La Connaissance, 1967-1976 (dl. 13, p. 90, nr. 198; pl. 100, nr. 198) |
| Maerten van Heemskerck and Dutch humanism in the sixteenth century / Ilja Maria Veldman. - Maarssen : Gary Schwartz, 1977 (p. 26-36) |
| Maerten van Heemskerck : Die Gemälde / Rainald Grosshans. - Berlin : Horst Böttcher, 1980 (p. 158) |
| Mythologie en Maniërisme in de Nederlanden : 1570-1630 ; Schilderijen-Tekeningen / Andrée De Bosque. - Antwerpen : Mercatorfonds, 1985 (p. 80-84) |
| Kunst voor de beeldenstorm : Noordnederlandse kunst 1525-1580 (tentoonstelling Amsterdam, Rijksmuseum, 13.9 - 23.11.1986) / Jan Piet Filedt Kok, Wouter Th. Kloek, Willy Halsema-Kubes. - Den Haag : Staatsuitgeverij, 1986 ; Amsterdam : Rijksmuseum, 1986 (p. 70-71; nr. 111) |
| Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent / Robert Hoozee. - Brussel : Ministerie van de Vlaamse Gemeenschap, 1988 (p. 27, 28) |
| Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent = Museum of Fine Arts Ghent / Claudie De Guillebon, Jacques Ostier, Robert Hoozee, Monique Tahon-Vanroose. - Parijs : Association des Amis de "Musées 2000", 1989 (p. 23 (ill.)) |
| Allgemeines Lexikon der bildenden Künstler von der Antike bis zur Gegenwart / Ulrich Thieme, Felix Becker. - Leipzig : Verlag von Wilhelm Engelmann, 1907-1950 (dl. 16, p. 228) |
| Het Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent : een keuze uit de mooiste werken / Patrick De Rynck. - Gent : Ludion, 2007 (p. 20-21 (ill.)) |
| Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent : Catalogus schilderkunst ; Deel I: 14de - 18de eeuw ; Deel II: 19de - 20ste eeuw / Robert Hoozee, Johan De Smet, Bruno Fornari, Ruth Monteyne. - Gent : Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent, 2007 (p. 100-101 (ill.)) |
| Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent : De collectie (tentoonstelling vanaf 21 maart 2021) / Johan De Smet, Bart Ooghe, Frederica Van Dam, Lieven Van Den Abeele, Cathérine Verleysen. - Gent : Museum voor Schone Kunsten Gent, 2021 |
| Musée des Beaux-Arts de Gand : La Collection (exposition dès le 21 mars 2021) / Johan De Smet, Bart Ooghe, Frederica Van Dam, Lieven Van Den Abeele, Cathérine Verleysen. - Gand : Musée des Beaux-Arts de Gand, 2021 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Pieter Bruegel und Nachträge zu den früheren Bänden / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1937 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Joos van Cleve - Jan Provost - Joachim Patenier / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Anthonis Mor und seine Zeitgenossen / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1936 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Pieter Coeck - Jan van Scorel / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1935 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Lucas van Leyden und andere holländische Meister seiner Zeit / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Jan Gossart - Bernart van Orley / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Quentin Massys / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Memling und Gerard David / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Geertgen van Haarlem und Hieronymus Bosch / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Hugo van der Goes / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Dierick Bouts und Joos van Gent / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Rogier van der Weyden und der Meister van Flémalle / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei : Die van Eyck - Petrus Christus / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934 |
| Die altniederländische Malerei / Max Julius Friedländer. - Leiden : A.W. Sijthoff's uitgeversmij, 1934-1937 |
| Old Testament Subjects in the Prints of Maarten van Heemskerck: "Als een claere spiegele der tegenwoordige tijden" / Eleanor A. Saunders. - Michigan : UMI Dissertation Services, 1978 |
| Von Van Eyck bis Bruegel : Die frühen niederländischen Maler / Max Julius Friedländer. - Köln : Phaidon-Verlag, 1965 |
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